Owens Valley

Owens Valley (Numic: ''Payahǖǖnadǖ'', meaning "place of flowing water") is an arid valley of the Owens River in eastern California in the United States. It is located to the east of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.), Sierra Nevada, west of the White Mountains (California), White Mountains and Inyo Mountains, and north of the Mojave Desert. It sits on the west edge of the Great Basin section, Great Basin. The mountain peaks on the West side (including Mount Whitney) reach above in elevation, while the floor of the Owens Valley is about , making the valley the deepest in the United States. The Sierra Nevada casts the valley in a rain shadow, which makes Owens Valley "the Land of Little Rain." The bed of Owens Lake, now a predominantly dry Endorheic basin, endorheic alkali flat, sits on the southern end of the valley.

The valley provides water to the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the source of one-third of the water for Los Angeles, and was the area at the center of one of the fiercest and longest-running episodes of the California Water Wars. These episodes inspired aspects of the 1974 film ''Chinatown (1974 film), Chinatown''. The current arid nature of the valley is mostly due to LADWP diverting the water of the region. Owens Lake was completely emptied by 1926, only 13 years after LA began diverting water.

Towns in the Owens Valley include Bishop, California, Bishop, Lone Pine, California, Lone Pine, Independence, California, Independence and Big Pine, California, Big Pine; about 25,000 people live in the valley. The major road in the Owens Valley is U.S. Route 395 (California), U.S. Route 395.

Geology

About three million years ago, the Sierra Nevada Fault and the White Mountains Fault systems became active with repeated episodes of slip earthquakes gradually producing the impressive relief of the eastern Sierra Nevada and White Mountain escarpments that bound the northern Owens Valley-Mono Basin region.

Owens Valley is a graben—a down-dropped block of land between two vertical faults—the westernmost in the Basin and Range Province. It is also part of a trough which extends from Oregon to Death Valley called the Walker Lane.

The western flank of much of the valley has large moraines coming off the Sierra Nevada. These unsorted piles of rock, boulders, and dust were pushed to where they are by glaciers during the last ice age. An excellent example of a moraine is on California State Route 168, State Route 168 as it climbs into Buttermilk Country.

This graben was formed by a long series of earthquakes, such as the 1872 Lone Pine earthquake, that have moved the graben down and helped move the Sierra Nevada up. The graben is much larger than the depth of the valley suggests; gravity studies suggest that of sedimentary rock mostly fills the graben and that a very steep escarpment is buried under the western length of the valley. The topmost part of this escarpment is exposed at Alabama Hills.

The Owens Valley has many mini-volcanoes, such as Crater Mountain in the Big Pine volcanic field. Smaller versions of the Devils Postpile National Monument, Devils Postpile, can be found, for example, by Little Lake, Inyo County, California, Little Lake.

Ecology

The valley contains plants adapted to Dry lake, alkali flat habitat. One of these, the Sidalcea covillei, Owens Valley checkerbloom (''Sidalcea covillei''), is endemism, endemic to Owens Valley.

History

The valley was inhabited in late prehistoric times by the Timbisha (also called Panamint or Koso) in the extreme south end around Owens Lake and by the Mono tribe (also called Owens Valley Mono people, Paiute) in the central and northern portions of the valley. The Timbisha speak the Timbisha language, classified in the Numic languages, Numic branch of Uto-Aztecan languages, Uto-Aztecan language family. The closest related languages are Shoshoni language, Shoshoni and Comanche language, Comanche. The Eastern Mono speak a dialect of the Mono language (Native American)#Owens Valley Paiute, Mono language, which is also Numic but is more closely related to Northern Paiute language, Northern Paiute. The Timbisha presently live in Death Valley at Furnace Creek, California, Furnace Creek although most families also have summer homes in the Lone Pine, California, Lone Pine colony. The Mono tribe#Eastern Mono, Eastern Mono live in several colonies from Lone Pine to Bishop, California, Bishop. Trade between Native Americans of the Owens Valley and coastal tribes such as the Chumash people, Chumash has been indicated by the archaeological record.

On May 1, 1834, Joseph R. Walker entered Owens Valley at the mouth of Walker Pass. Walker and his group of 52 men traveled up the valley on their way back to the Humboldt Sink, and back up the Humboldt River to the Rocky Mountains.

In 1845, John C. Fremont named the Owens valley, river, and lake for Richard Lemon Owings, Richard Owens, one of his guides. Fort Independence (California), Camp Independence was established on Oak Creek nearby modern Independence, California, on July 4, 1862, during the Owens Valley Indian War.

From 1942 to 1945, during World War II, the first Japanese American Internment camp operated in the valley at Manzanar near Independence, California.

Water diversion to Los Angeles

In the early 20th century, the valley became the scene of a struggle between local residents and the city of Los Angeles over water rights. William Mulholland, superintendent of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), planned the Los Angeles Aqueduct, completed in 1913, which diverted water from the Owens River. The water rights were acquired deceitfully, often splitting water cooperatives and pitting neighbors against one another. In 1924, local farmers were fed up with the purchases and erupted in violence, sabotaging parts of the water system.

Eventually, Los Angeles acquired a large portion of the water rights to over of land in the valley, almost completely diverting the water inflows away from Owens Lake. Gary Libecap of the University of California, Santa Barbara, observed that the price Los Angeles was willing to pay to other water sources per volume of water was far higher than what the farmers received. Farmers who resisted the pressure from Los Angeles until 1930 received the highest price for their land; most farmers sold their land from 1905 to 1925, and received less than Los Angeles was willing to pay. However, the sale of their land brought the farmers substantially more income than if they had kept the land for farming and ranching. None of the sales were made under threat of eminent domain. As a result of these acquisitions, the lake subsequently dried up completely, leaving the present alkali flat which plagues the southern valley with alkali dust storms.

In 1970, LADWP completed a second aqueduct from Owens Valley. More surface water was diverted, and groundwater was pumped to feed the aqueduct. Owens Valley springs and seeps dried and disappeared, and groundwater-dependent vegetation began to die.

Years of litigation followed. In 1997, Inyo County, Los Angeles, the Owens Valley Committee, the Sierra Club, and other concerned parties signed a Memorandum of Understanding that specified terms by which the lower Owens River would be rewatered by June 2003. LADWP missed this deadline and was sued again. Under another settlement, this time including the State of California, Los Angeles promised to rewater the lower Owens River by September 2005. In July 2004, Los Angeles mayor James Hahn proposed barring all future development on its Owens Valley holdings by proposing a conservation easement for all LADWP land. They did not meet this extended deadline. In 2008, Los Angeles fulfilled its promise and rewatered the lower Owens River.

Pursuant to a 2014 agreement between the city and Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District (the Owens Valley air quality regulators), LADWP began using a new, organic method of suppressing airborne dust from the dry bed of Owens Lake, ending a bitter decades-long dispute over the water and dust. The Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District issued an order and subsequently fined the Los Angeles utility $21 million for ignoring an order to control dust on a 5-acre patch of dry lake bed. The LADWP responded with a lawsuit in 2022, accusing the air district of exceeding its authority and ordering dust control measures without first conducting an environmental analysis of its impacts, as required by the California Environmental Quality Act.

Radio observatory

The Owens Valley Radio Observatory located near Westgard Pass is one of ten dishes making up the Very Long Baseline Array, Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA).

See also

*Owens River
*Bibliography of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.), Bibliography of the Sierra Nevada — ''for further reading''.

Notes

References

*''Cadillac Desert'', Marc Reisner, revised edition, Penguin USA, (1993),
*''Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley'', Sharp, Glazner (Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula; 1997)
''Spirit in the Desert: Pilgrimages to Sacred Sites in the Owens Valley''
Brad Karelius, BookSurge Publishing, (2009). , 0-520-07245-6
*''Western Times and Water Wars'', John Walton, University of California Press, (1992).
*''The Water Seekers'', Remi Nadeau, Crest Publishers, (4th edition: 1997),

Further reading

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External links

Groundwater Quality in the Owens Valley, California
United States Geological Survey
Lower Owens River Project - restoration of the lower owens riverInyo County Water DepartmentEval. of the Hydrologic System and Selected Water-Management Alternatives in the Owens Valley, CaliforniaRoadside Geology and Mining History of the Owens Valley and Mono Basin

Deepest Valley: Owens Valley resource

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Owens Valley,